Chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are associated with significant morbidity and mortality [
]. T2DM is an autoimmune disease that affects the small intestine, causing inflammation and damage to the epithelium, leading to excessive and recurrent gut symptoms and an impaired capacity to survive [
Metformin is a non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist and is approved for long-term treatment of patients with T2DM [
The FDA has approved metformin for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and several clinical studies have shown a significant reduction in body weight in patients with T2DM [
], underscoring the need for a tailored and personalized approach to reduce this serious complication [
Metformin is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, which is effective in reducing weight loss and enhancing glycemic control [
In addition, GLP-1 receptor agonists are also effective in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as improving gut barrier function [
These results are promising and warrant further investigation. Metformin has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus [
], and the clinical evidence is promising [
In a meta-analysis, metformin was shown to significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM compared with placebo, although this benefit was not confirmed by a meta-analysis [
Therefore, metformin has been proposed as an appropriate pharmacological option for treating patients with T2DM, and a systematic review and meta-analysis is currently underway [
The clinical evidence for metformin is scarce, and the most recent study evaluating the benefit and tolerability of metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [
] did not demonstrate a significant difference between metformin and placebo in terms of changes in glucose control, blood pressure (BP) control, and body weight [
Despite these limited studies, metformin appears to be an effective option for patients with T2DM. The mechanism by which metformin inhibits the intestinal absorption of GLP-1 in the gut remains unknown. However, the potential of metformin for T2DM patients with an impaired absorption of GLP-1 is considered to be a promising target for future research [
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying metformin-induced metformin-related adverse effects in patients with T2DM compared with metformin.
A systematic review and meta-analysis [
] was conducted to evaluate the potential metformin-related adverse effects of metformin in patients with T2DM compared with metformin. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were based on the following: (1) the study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [
] and (2) the study had a good design, positive results, and follow-up results. The final database was screened for additional studies and eligible studies were invited to participate in the study.
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of metformin, a glucocorticoid, in the treatment of acute and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in combination with metformin in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Methods:This randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label study was a phase 2, open-label extension of a phase 3 study in healthy young subjects.
Results:Metformin significantly improved the clinical outcomes in a significant proportion of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Conclusions:Metformin is a useful, safe, and well-tolerated drug in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Bismuth I, Sivaporn V, Kaur V, Rangamakar M, Gupta V. A randomized, controlled trial of metformin in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Drug efficacy and safety: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study of metformin in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Med Res. 1999;3(1):e110-11.Keywords:cystic fibrosis, metformin, metformin, treatment of cystic fibrosis. Metformin, a glucocorticoid, a glucocorticoid and a glucocorticoid combination drug in adults with cystic fibrosis.
INTRODUCTION
In patients with cystic fibrosis, metformin is an effective and well-tolerated drug. It is also a highly effective and well-tolerated drug for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, and its use is well-tolerated in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of metformin in patients with cystic fibrosis.
This is a double-blind, randomized, open-labeled, double-dummy study in healthy young adults. Patients with cystic fibrosis, aged 18-65 years, and with a body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were:
Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either metformin (400 mg/day) or placebo tablets (1000 mg/day) for 12 weeks. Patients were allowed to continue taking metformin for a minimum of 6 months after starting metformin therapy. Then, the metformin dose was increased or decreased for the next 12 weeks. The metformin dose was also adjusted according to the results of the study.
Subjects and data collection:A total of 12 subjects were included in the study and the primary end points of the study were:
The main end points of this study were the change in total patient weight, BMI and total blood glucose levels, and the change in total patient blood glucose levels between the metformin and placebo groups. Additionally, the change in BMI was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of metformin therapy.
The primary end point of this study was the change in total patient weight, BMI and total blood glucose levels.
Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either metformin (400 mg/day) or placebo tablets for 12 weeks. The metformin dose was adjusted according to the results of the study.
In addition to the change in total patient weight, BMI and total blood glucose levels, the change in total patient blood glucose levels between the metformin and placebo groups were assessed. Furthermore, the change in BMI was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of metformin therapy.
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